Finland's quantum sector grew out of decades of low-temperature physics research at Aalto University and VTT. IQM builds superconducting quantum computers and Bluefors supplies the dilution refrigerators much of the industry runs on; around them is a cluster of younger companies in cryogenic electronics, control software and quantum algorithms.
Finnish space companies are concentrated in small satellites and the data they produce. ICEYE operates the world's largest radar-imaging satellite constellation, and newer companies work on hyperspectral imaging, satellite platforms, propulsion and navigation.
Finland's defence and dual-use companies build technology for both military and civilian customers: counter-drone systems, simulation and training headsets, autonomous airships and AI for defence applications. Most of the companies in this sector are young, and several were founded after 2022.
This sector covers Finnish companies whose core product is AI or data technology itself, from AI compute infrastructure and model development to simulation software and neural audio. Companies that apply AI inside another field, such as medical imaging or robotics, are listed under that field instead.
Finnish robotics and industrial IoT companies build machines and networks for demanding environments: autonomous driving in harsh weather, waste-sorting robots, mining robots, positioning software for mobile work machines, and wireless sensor networks for industry. Espoo and Tampere are the main centres.
Finland's semiconductor companies mostly supply materials, components and designs to the global chip industry rather than manufacture chips themselves. They include carbon nanotube membranes for EUV lithography, specialty lithography materials, processor and cryptography designs, and test structures for chip manufacturing.
Photonics, optics and sensing is one of the largest sectors on the map, built on long-standing optics research in Tampere, Espoo, Oulu and Joensuu. The companies make lasers, infrared and hyperspectral sensors, augmented-reality displays and measurement instruments for industrial processes.
Finnish advanced-materials companies draw heavily on the country's forest-industry and chemistry research. Many develop wood-based or recycled alternatives to plastics and cotton, including textile fibres, packaging materials and coatings, alongside printed electronics and industrial surface technologies.
Energy, climate and environment is among the largest sectors on the map. Finnish companies in it work on heat storage, industrial electrification, small nuclear reactors for district heating, hydrogen, batteries, low-carbon building materials and emissions measurement.
Finland's therapeutics and diagnostics companies come largely out of university research, above all in Helsinki and also in Turku, Tampere and Oulu. They include clinical-stage drug developers in cancer and neurodegenerative disease, blood-analysis and molecular-diagnostics platforms, and tools for drug formulation and research. Most are still pre-revenue, as is typical for drug development.
Finnish medtech and digital-health companies build medical devices, implants and clinical software. The sector ranges from Oura's smart ring to AI-based pathology and radiotherapy software, brain-stimulation systems, bioresorbable implants and cardiac monitoring.
This sector covers companies that use biology as a production technology. Finnish companies make protein from air and electricity, egg-white protein by precision fermentation, mycoprotein from industrial side streams, and industrial enzymes.